abstract：:The fundamental obstacle to neuroprostheses based on penetrating microstimulation is the tissue's response to the device insertion and to the application of the electrical stimulation. Our long-term goal is to develop multichannel microstimulation of central nervous tissue for clinical therapy. The overall objective o...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Koivuniemi A,Wilks SJ,Woolley AJ,Otto KJ

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During walking, an increase in speed is accompanied by a decrease in the stance phase duration while the swing phase remains relatively invariant. By definition, the rhythm generator in the lumbar spinal cord controls cycle period, phase durations, and phase transitions. Our first aim was to determine if this asymmetr...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Gossard JP,Sirois J,Noué P,Côté MP,Ménard A,Leblond H,Frigon A

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Individual differences in cognitive functioning during extended work hours and shift work are of considerable magnitude, and observed both in the laboratory and in the workplace. These individual differences have a biological basis in trait-like, differential vulnerability to fatigue from sleep loss and circadian misa...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Van Dongen HP,Caldwell JA Jr,Caldwell JL

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies performed during both waking rest and sleep show that the brain is continually active in distinct patterns that appear to reflect its underlying functional connectivity. In this review, potential sources that contribute to spontaneous fMRI activity will be discussed...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Duyn J

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cellular and ionic mechanisms that generate the rhythm in central pattern generator (CPG) networks for simple movements are not well understood. Using vertebrate locomotion, respiration and mastication as exemplars, I describe four main principles of rhythmogenesis: (1) rhythmogenic ionic currents underlie all CPG...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Harris-Warrick RM

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The nervous system can generate rhythms of various frequencies; on the low-frequency side, we have the circuits regulating circadian rhythms with a 24-h period, while on the high-frequency side we have the motor circuits that underlie flight in a hummingbird. Given the ubiquitous nature of rhythms, it is surprising th...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Saint-Amant L

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors have been implicated as a mediator of neuronal injury associated with many neurological disorders including ischemia, epilepsy, brain trauma, dementia and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease. To this, non-selective NMDA receptor ant...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Gardoni F,Ghiglieri V,Di Luca M,Calabresi P

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This chapter summarizes the most recent data on the use of the somatostatin analogues (SSAs), octreotide (OCT) and lanreotide for the treatment of patients with pituitary and neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). These two analogues have a high affinity for somatostatin receptor (SSR) sub-types 2 and 5. The major indications ...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Colao A,Faggiano A,Pivonello R

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Life expectancies have increased substantially in the last century, dramatically amplifying the proportion of individuals who will reach old age. As individuals age, cognitive ability declines, although the rate of decline differs amongst the forms of memory domains and for different individuals. Memory domains especi...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Conrad CD,Bimonte-Nelson HA

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aromatase is the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of estrogen biosynthesis. It is expressed in many tissues such as the gonads, brain and adipose tissue. The regulation of the level and activity of aromatase determines the levels of estrogens that have endocrine, paracrine and autocrine effects on tissues. Estrogen...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Boon WC,Chow JD,Simpson ER

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent upsurge in research has uncovered distinct circuitries that regulate appetite, energy expenditure and fat accrual under the supervision of hormonal feedback signalling of adipocyte leptin and gastric ghrelin in the hypothalamic integration of energy homeostasis. A host of messenger molecules of diverse chemical...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Kalra SP,Kalra PS

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is a clinical reality that women make up the large majority of chronic pain patients, and there is now consensus from laboratory experiments that when differences are seen, women are more sensitive to pain than men. Research in this field has now begun to concentrate on finding explanations for this sex difference....

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Mogil JS,Bailey AL

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cognitive changes that occur with ageing are usually referred to as 'age-related cognitive decline'. The most pronounced changes may be found in the executive functions that require integrity of the prefrontal cortical circuitry. With age, sleep also changes profoundly, with more sleep fragmentation, earlier awake...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Altena E,Ramautar JR,Van Der Werf YD,Van Someren EJ

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mechanism is at the heart of understanding, and this chapter addresses underlying brain mechanisms and pathways of cognition and the impact of sleep on these processes, especially those serving learning and memory. This chapter reviews the current understanding of the relationship between sleep/waking states and cogni...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Poe GR,Walsh CM,Bjorness TE

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neural transplantation has emerged as a possible therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). Clinical studies performed during the 1990s, where dopaminergic neurons derived from the human embryonic brain were transplanted into striatum of patients with PD, provided proof-of-principle that long-lasting therapeutic benefits c...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Brundin P,Barker RA,Parmar M

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The identification of several mutations causing familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) has led to the creation of multiple lines of mice expressing similar genetic alterations. These models present a unique opportunity for understanding pathophysiological mechanisms leading to PD in a mammalian brain and provide m...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Magen I,Chesselet MF

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the last few years, theorists have argued that culture can shape processes of basic visual perception. This work has primarily focused on cultural influences in nonsocial domains, such as cross-cultural differences in seeing and attending to focal stimuli versus backgrounds. Recently, researchers have begun to exam...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Freeman JB,Rule NO,Ambady N

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Partly due to the failure of anthropology to productively engage the fields of psychology and neuroscience, investigations in cultural neuroscience have occurred largely without the active involvement of anthropologists or anthropological theory. Dramatic advances in the tools and findings of social neuroscience have ...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Brown RA,Seligman R

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:While the role of attention in selecting visual attributes is well acknowledged, relatively less is known about the mechanisms that facilitate the selection of actions during goal-directed behaviors. The notion of an executive attention has provided a particularly fruitful framework to understand how the brain coordin...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Sharika KM,Ray S,Murthy A

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:First, we review the characteristics of endogenous (sustained) and exogenous (transient) spatial covert attention. Then we examine the effects of these two types of attention on spatial resolution in a variety of tasks, such as acuity, visual search, and texture segmentation. Both types of covert attention enhance res...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Carrasco M,Yeshurun Y

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Oxidative stress is known to play a key role in the initiation and promotion of the neurodegeneration that characterizes the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). An accumulation of redox active transition metals, including iron and copper, is likely a major generator of reactive oxidative species and other free rad...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Liu G,Men P,Perry G,Smith MA

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) is one of the most likely susceptibility genes for schizophrenia (SZ). DISC1 is being established as a hub protein with various functions in the pre- and postnatal development of the nervous system. Since generation of a knockout (KO) mouse has proved challenging, various alternati...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Jaaro-Peled H

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The use of deep brain stimulation in psychiatric disorders has received great interest owing to the small risk of the operation, the reversible nature of the technique, and the possibility of optimizing treatment postoperatively. Currently, deep brain stimulation in psychiatry is investigated for obsessive-compulsive ...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Denys D,Mantione M

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It has been known for decades that females are more susceptible than men to inflammatory autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. In addition, female patients with these diseases experience clinical improvements during pregnancy with a temporary "rebound" exacerbatio...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Gold SM,Voskuhl RR

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of neurodegeneration; however, therapies to prevent or treat AD are inadequate. Amyloid-beta (Abeta) protein accrues in cortical senile plaques, one of the key neuropathological hallmarks of AD, and is elevated in brains of early onset AD patients in a small number o...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Lemere CA

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitor neurotransmitter that plays many important roles in the central nervous system. Because the half-life time of GABA is very short in vivo, GABA itself is not used for clinical practice. An analogue of GABA, baclofen, is an agonist of GABA-B receptor, and has very strong an...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Taira T

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Why do complex-partial seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) cause a loss of consciousness? Abnormal function of the medial temporal lobe is expected to cause memory loss, but it is unclear why profoundly impaired consciousness is so common in temporal lobe seizures. Recent exciting advances in behavioral, electrop...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Englot DJ,Blumenfeld H

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We tend to regard consciousness as a fundamentally subjective phenomenon, yet we can only study it scientifically if it has objective, publicly visible, manifestations. This creates a central, recurring, tension in consciousness science which remains unresolved. On one 'objectivist' view, consciousness is not merely r...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Zeman A

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Until recently, the constraints imposed on decision makers by the human physical condition - situated both as a physical agent and within physical space - have played only an incidental, if not entirely inconsequential, role in conceptualizations of human decision making. The act of deciding has been positioned as the...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： DeCaro DA,Bar-Eli M,Conlin JA,Diederich A,Johnson JG,Plessner H

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the present contribution, the various functional interpretations concerning the putative function of the orbital prefrontal cortex are reviewed since this region and adjacent areas are considered the neural substrate of social behavior in general, and decision-making behavior in particular. This literature review r...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Volz KG,von Cramon DY

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the kidney, the actions of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) renders the collecting duct highly permeable to water. This large increase in water permeability is largely due to the translocation of the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) from intracellular storage vesicles to the apical plasma membra...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Fenton RA,Moeller HB

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Converging evidence from both human and animal studies has highlighted the pervasive role of two neuropeptides, oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), in mammalian social behaviours. Recent molecular genetic studies of the human arginine vasopressin 1a (AVPR1a) and oxytocin (OXTR) receptors have strengthened t...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Israel S,Lerer E,Shalev I,Uzefovsky F,Reibold M,Bachner-Melman R,Granot R,Bornstein G,Knafo A,Yirmiya N,Ebstein RP

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Oestrogens (E) influence the activity of oxytocin (OT) producing neurons and heighten the rate of transcription of the oxytocin receptor (OTR) gene. Working through synergistic activities of two different oestrogen receptors (ERs), likely gene duplication products, in the hypothalamus and amygdala, E supports social r...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Choleris E,Devidze N,Kavaliers M,Pfaff DW

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:One of the more interesting and complex phenomena involving neurohypophysial hormones is the milk ejection reflex and the events surrounding it. Accordingly, many investigations over the years have taken up the challenge of elucidating its myriad aspects. Much has been learned from in vivo preparations about the seque...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Hatton GI,Wang YF

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Intron-specific probes measure heteronuclear RNA (hnRNA) levels and thus approximate the transcription rates of genes, in part because of the rapid turnover of this intermediate form of RNA in the cell nucleus. Previously, we used oxytocin (Oxt)- and vasopressin (Avp)- intron-specific riboprobes to measure changes in ...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Scordalakes EM,Yue C,Gainer H

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glaucoma is a visual disorder characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which is often associated with high intraocular pressure. However, mechanisms of RGC death in glaucoma still remain a mystery. Two theories have been proposed as pathogeneses of glaucoma: mechanical and vascular. We demon...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Seki M,Lipton SA

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Retinal ganglion cell axons within the globe are functionally specialized being richly provided with many mitochondria. The mitochondria produce the high energy requirement for nerve conduction in the unmyelinated part of the ganglion cell axons. We have proposed that in the initiation of glaucoma, an alteration in th...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Osborne NN

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) is generally defined as visual field loss and optic nerve defects consistent with glaucoma and an intraocular pressure (IOP) that does not exceed 21 mmHg (Allingham, R.R., Damji, K., Freedman, S., Moroi, S., Shafranov, G., Shields, M.B. (2005). In: Pine J. and Murphy J. (Eds.), Shields' T...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Desai PV,Caprioli J

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：INTRODUCTION:Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) is the leading cause of blindness in East Asia. The disease can be classified into primary angle-closure suspect, primary angle closure (PAC), and PACG. Pupil-block, anterior nonpupil-block (plateau iris and peripheral iris crowding), lens related and retrolenticular m...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Amerasinghe N,Aung T

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several studies provided evidence for neuroendocrine dysregulations in adults with a history of child sexual abuse. This review focuses on neuroendocrine studies in sexually abused children and adolescents, dating from January 1, 1990 to January 1, 2007 and obtained from a systematic Medline Indexed literature search ...

journal_title：Progress in brain research

authors： Bicanic IA,Meijer M,Sinnema G,van de Putte EM,Olff M

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00